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<title>Boxer Codex</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Boxer Codex</i></span>

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<p>The <i><b>Boxer Codex</b></i> is a late-16th-century Spanish manuscript produced in the Philippines. It contains 75 colored illustrations of the peoples of China, the Philippines, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the <a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a>, the <a href="Islas_de_los_Ladrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Islas de los Ladrones">Ladrones</a>, and <a href="Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>. About 270 pages of Spanish text describe these places, their inhabitants and customs. An additional 88 smaller drawings show mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time.

</p><p>The English historian <a href="C.R._Boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Boxer">Charles Ralph Boxer</a> purchased the manuscript in 1947 from the collection of <a href="Giles_Fox-Strangways%2C_6th_Earl_of_Ilchester" title="Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester">Lord Ilchester</a> in London. Boxer recognized the importance of what he called the "Manila Manuscript" and published a paper in 1950 with a detailed description of the <a href="Codex" title="Codex">codex</a>. He made the manuscript freely available to other researchers for study, and it became known as the <i>Boxer Codex</i>. Boxer eventually sold it to <a href="Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a>, where it is held by the <a href="Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_contents">Description and contents</h2></div>

<p>The manuscript was written around circa 1590<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in primarily <a href="Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> with some labels in <a href="Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Early Manila Hokkien</a> written in <a href="Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> and <a href="Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> and contains illustrations of <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups in the Philippines</a>, across <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and in <a href="East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> at the time of early <a href="History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish</a> contact. It also contains <a href="Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> mythological deities and demons, and both real and mythological birds and land animals copied from popular Chinese texts and books in circulation at the time. Aside from a description of and historical allusions to what are now the Philippines and various other <a href="Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> countries, the codex also contains 97 hand-drawn color paintings and illustrations depicting peoples and animals of the Philippines, the <a href="Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a>, Japan, Taiwan, China, and <a href="Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>. The first illustration is an oblong fold-out, 74 are full-page colored illustrations, and the remaining are arranged four to a page on 22 pages (with some of the quarters remaining blank). Most of the drawings appear to have been copied or adapted from materials brought to the Philippines from China by <a href="Mart%C3%ADn_de_Rada" title="Martín de Rada">Martín de Rada</a>: the <i><a href="Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i> and books from the <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="Shenmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmo">shenmo</a></i></span> genre, which depict deities and demons. The remaining drawings represent individuals, often a male and female pair, as inhabitants from tributaries of China and Taiwan with their distinctive costume; some of these have been refashioned as warriors. The depictions of inhabitants from Chinese tributaries may have been copied from a pre-existing source, drawn from memory, or perhaps even drawn according to instruction given by Rada or one of the other Europeans who visited China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 15 illustrations deal with the inhabitants of the <a href="List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">Philippine Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roces1977p1003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roces1977p1003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_provenance">History and provenance</h2></div>

<p>The <i>Boxer Codex</i> does not bear any direct statement of authorship or dates of production and there is no dedication that might indicate who was the patron of the work or for whom the work was intended. Its contents indicate that it was written in Manila in the early 1590s. The manuscript was likely compiled at the direction of <a href="G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas">Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas</a>, the Spanish <a href="Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a>, or his son, <a href="Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Luis Pérez Dasmariñas">Luis Pérez Dasmariñas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <i>Boxer Codex</i> depicts the <a href="Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalogs</a>, <a href="Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayans</a>, <a href="Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Zambals</a>, <a href="Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayanes</a> or possibly <a href="Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanags</a>, and <a href="Negritos" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritos">Negritos</a> of the Philippines in vivid color. The paintings' technique and the use of Chinese paper, ink, and paints suggests that the artist may have been Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-roces1977p1004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roces1977p1004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was <a href="Luis_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Luis Pérez Dasmariñas">Luis Pérez Dasmariñas</a>, son of Governor General <a href="G%C3%B3mez_P%C3%A9rez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas">Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-donoso2016pxlviii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donoso2016pxlviii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Spanish <a href="Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a> of the <a href="Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Philippines</a>. Luis succeeded his father in office as governor-general. Since Spanish colonial governors kept extensive written reports of the territories they governed, it is likely that the manuscript was written on the governor's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-roces1977p1004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roces1977p1004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The manuscript's earliest known modern owner was <a href="Giles_Fox-Strangways%2C_6th_Earl_of_Ilchester" title="Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester">Lord Ilchester</a>. The codex was among what remained in his collection when his estate, <a href="Holland_House" title="Holland House">Holland House</a> in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, was bombed on September 27, 1940, during <a href="The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>. It was auctioned in 1947 and came into the possession of <a href="C.R._Boxer" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Boxer">Charles Ralph Boxer</a>, an authority on the Far East, and whom it is named. It is now owned by the <a href="Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a> at <a href="Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roces1977p1003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roces1977p1003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illustrations_in_the_Boxer_Codex">Illustrations in the Boxer Codex</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natives_of_the_Philippines">Natives of the Philippines</h3></div>

<p><sup>(All captions below based on source)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup>

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<div class="gallerytext">A Lady from the <a href="Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> (Possibly <a href="Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a>)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"> Warrior from <a href="Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> (Possibly <a href="Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Couple with tied long hair and <a href="Kampilan" title="Kampilan">Kampilan</a> hilt from <a href="Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Taimei Anchorage</a>, <a href="Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, <a href="Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (Possibly <a href="Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinense</a>)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Zambal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambal">Zambal</a> hunters from <a href="Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Zambal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambal">Zambal</a> hunters hunting</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A couple belonging to the <a href="Zambal" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambal">Zambal</a> warrior-hunter class. The image shows a culture of <a href="Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Aeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeta">Aeta</a></i> or <i><a href="Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></i> hunters</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> royalty in red (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> royal couple in red, the distinctive color of their class.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> <i><a href="Maginoo" title="Maginoo">maginoo</a></i> (noble class) wearing blue (the distinctive color of his class) with his wife.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Tagalog <a href="Commoner" title="Commoner">common women</a> wearing simple clothes and <a href="Hijab" title="Hijab">headscarves</a> (likely <a href="Moro_people" title="Moro people">Muslims</a> from <a href="Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a> in the 1500s)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayan</a> <i>kadatuan</i> (royal) couple</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayan</a> <i><a href="Kedatuan" title="Kedatuan">kadatuan</a></i> (royal) with his wife wearing red, the distinctive color of their class.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="Pintados" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintados">Pintado</a> (Possibly <a href="Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a> or <a href="Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a>) couple of the <i><a href="Timawa" title="Timawa">timawa</a></i> or <i><a href="Tumao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumao">tumao</a></i> (martial-feudal class; later demoted to <a href="Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> status)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Pintados" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintados">Pintados</a> (Possibly <a href="Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a> or <a href="Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a>) from <a href="Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>, showing their <i>patok</i> or tattoos</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Native <a href="Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayan</a> <i><a href="Alipin" title="Alipin">uripon</a></i> (slaves) adorned with gold. </div>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreigners">Foreigners</h3></div>

<p><sup>(All captions below based on source)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></sup>

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<div class="gallerytext">"Tatar" (<a href="Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>) noble with wife from <a href="Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> (<a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> and <a href="List_of_consorts_of_rulers_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of rulers of China">empress</a> of <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty China</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Noble prince and consort</a> from <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty China</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin bureaucrat</a> with wife from <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> <a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> general with attendant</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> "<a href="Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a>" couple living in <a href="Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> wearing <a href="Hanfu" title="Hanfu"><i>hanfu</i></a> from <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Another <a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> "<a href="Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a>" couple living in <a href="Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> wearing <a href="Hanfu" title="Hanfu"><i>hanfu</i></a> from <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="She_people" title="She people">She</a> <a href="Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> merchant with wife from <a href="Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty China</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <a href="Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> couple wearing <a href="Yukata" title="Yukata">yukata</a> with the woman's hair styled in Chinese fashion<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> noble with wife from <a href="Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Tonkin</a>, <a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (<a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) under either the <a href="M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a> or <a href="L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Lê dynasty</a> at that time</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Labelled as a <a href="Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> warrior with woman from <a href="Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>, <a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (<a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), but the man is instead depicted as a <i><a href="Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> noble with wife from <a href="Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam Province">Quảng Nam</a>, <a href="%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (<a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) under the <a href="Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> at the time.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> couple from <a href="Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (in modern-day <a href="Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuận">Ninh Thuận</a>, <a href="Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Siamese (<a href="Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a>) warrior with wife from <a href="Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a> (<a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> couple from <a href="Dark_ages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark ages of Cambodia">Kampuchea</a> (<a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese aboriginal</a> <a href="Headhunting#Taiwan" title="Headhunting">headhunter</a> couple from <a href="Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>, <a href="Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a> (in modern-day <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese aboriginal</a> <a href="Headhunting#Taiwan" title="Headhunting">headhunter</a> couple from <a href="Tamsui_District" title="Tamsui District">Tamsui</a>, <a href="Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a> (in modern-day <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a> hunter from <a href="Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Marianas Islands</a> (<a href="Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>/<a href="Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a>) with spear</div>

</li>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> warrior with musket and swords<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 431">: 431 </span></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> warrior with a spear and shield from "Iaua" (modern-day <a href="Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 432">: 432 </span></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> couple from the <a href="Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terangganu Sultanate</a> (in modern-day <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Patani_Kingdom" title="Patani Kingdom">Patani</a> couple<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 550">: 550 </span></sup></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Bruneian</a> warrior with wife</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a> warriors from <a href="Siau_Island" title="Siau Island">Siau Island</a>, <a href="Sangir_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangir Archipelago">Sangir Archipelago</a> (in modern-day <a href="North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> warrior from the <a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a> (in modern-day <a href="Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Moluccan noble woman<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 427">: 427 </span></sup></div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Honorato_Lozano" title="José Honorato Lozano">José Honorato Lozano</a></li>

<li><a href="Dami%C3%A1n_Domingo" title="Damián Domingo">Damián Domingo</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernando_Amorsolo" title="Fernando Amorsolo">Fernando Amorsolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabi%C3%A1n_de_la_Rosa" title="Fabián de la Rosa">Fabián de la Rosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93">Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (U.S.A.), Catalogue Record of the Boxer Codex</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Souza & Turley, 2015</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-roces1977p1003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roces1977p1003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roces1977p1003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoces1977">Roces 1977</a>, p. 1003.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-roces1977p1004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roces1977p1004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roces1977p1004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoces1977">Roces 1977</a>, p. 1004.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-donoso2016pxlviii-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donoso2016pxlviii_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonoso2016">Donoso 2016</a>, p. xlviii.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1950" class="citation journal cs1">Boxer, C. R. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222372">"A Late Sixteenth Century Manila MS"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>49. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25222372">25222372</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Crossley, John N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/early-history-of-the-boxer-codex/535166D8433B65E22B6B10116D2097C6">"The Early History of the Boxer Codex"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>124. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186313000552">10.1017/S1356186313000552</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162791393">162791393</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDonoso2016" class="citation book cs1">Donoso, Isaac (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.vibalgroup.com/products/boxer-codex-second-edition"><i>Boxer Codex / El Códice Boxer: A Modern Spanish Transcription and English Translation of 16th-Century Exploration Accounts of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific, transcription and edition by Isaac Donoso, translation and annotations by María Luisa García, Carlos Quirino and Mauro García</i></a>. Vibal Foundation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-971-97-0692-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoces1977" class="citation cs2">Roces, Alfredo R., ed. (1977), "Boxer Codex", <i>Filipino Heritage: the Making of a Nation</i>, vol. IV, Philippines: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Inc.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSouzaTurley2015" class="citation book cs1">Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey Scott (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_W7sCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript</i></a>. Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9004292734</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/omeka/lilly/items/show/93">"Boxer Codex"</a>. <i>The Lilly Library Digital Collections, Indiana University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/iucat/VAB8326">Record</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326">manuscript</a> of the Boxer Codex at <a href="Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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